Frontiers in Nutrition

Background: Diets with high inflammatory potential may contribute to asthma and impaired lung function, yet evidence from Asian populations is limited. Objective: We aimed to examine the association between the energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and lung function in Korean adults, stratified by asthma status. Methods: Data were analyzed from 12,400 participants in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018). The E-DII was calculated from 24-hour dietary recall using 21 validated food parameters. Lung function (FEV1, FVC) was measured by standardized spirometry, and current asthma was defined as both a physician diagnosis and the presence of current symptoms. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders were applied. Results: Higher E-DII scores were significantly associated with increased asthma prevalence and lower lung function. Notably, the magnitude of the association between E-DII and FEV1 % predicted was markedly stronger in the asthma group (beta = -0.613) than in the non-asthma group (beta = -0.147). This disparity suggests that individuals with pre-existing airway inflammation may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of a pro-inflammatory diet. Conclusions: A pro-inflammatory diet is associated with higher asthma risk and reduced lung function in Korean adults, with more pronounced effects observed in those with asthma. Dietary interventions targeting reduced systemic inflammation may be beneficial for respiratory health management.

BackgroundAllium vegetables (garlic and onion) are one of the flavorings in peoples daily diets. Observational studies suggest that intake of allium vegetables may be correlated with a lower incidence of digestive system cancers. However, the existence of a causal relationship is still controversial due to confounding factors and reverse causation. Therefore, we explored the causal relationship between intake of allium vegetables and digestive system cancers using Mendelian randomization approach. MethodsFirst, we performed Mendelian randomization analyses using inverse variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger approaches, and demonstrated the reliability of the results in the sensitivity step. Second, Multivariable Mendelian randomization was applied to adjust for smoking and alcohol consumption. Third, we explored the molecular mechanisms behind the positive results through network pharmacology and molecular docking methods. ResultsThe study suggests that increased intake of garlic reduced gastric cancer risk. However, onion intake was not statistically associated with digestive system cancer. ConclusionGarlic may have a protective effect against gastric cancer.

Hair loss and scalp dysfunction are widespread concerns with limited safe and effective long-term care options. This randomized controlled study evaluated the effects of a topical scalp care essence formulated with Centella asiatica extracellular vesicles (C. asiatica EV) and recombinant Fc-fusion long-acting insulin growth factor-1 (rIGF-1) and fibroblast growth factor-7 (rFGF-7) on scalp health and hair growth. Sixty healthy adult participants aged 18 to 60 years were randomly assigned into five groups: (1) Placebo control; (2) Base formula consisting of 0.1% caffeine and panthenol; (3) Base formula with long-acting rIGF-1 and rFGF-7; (4) Base formula with C. asiatica EV; and (5) Base formula combined with rIGF-1, rFGF-7, and C. asiatica EV. Participants applied the assigned product once daily for 56 days. Parameters, including sebum content, hair length, thickness, and density, and hair loss, were assessed at baseline and Days 14, 28, 42, and 56. Outcome measures included sebum content, hair density, scalp condition, hair length, and overall hair loss. The formulation with C. asiatica EV and growth factors was found to be most effective, with all parameters increased significantly on Day 56 compared to the placebo. This study highlights the potential of plant-derived EVs combined with growth factors as a synergistic strategy for promoting scalp and hair health.

ScopeChronic, low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of many noncommunicable diseases, including obesity. Diets enriched with tomatoes and soy have been associated with better health outcomes in inflammation-related illnesses, with lycopene and isoflavones considered key bioactive components, respectively. On the basis that whole food combinations may exert greater effects than isolated phytochemicals, we examine the anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects of tomato-soy juice compared to a low carotenoid tomato juice control in obesity. Methods and resultsIn a randomized, crossover trial, 12 healthy adults with obesity were provided either tomato-soy juice (54 mg lycopene/d, 189.9 mg isoflavones/d) or a low carotenoid tomato juice (no isoflavones) daily for 4 weeks, then crossed over to the other treatment following a washout period. Plasma carotenoids, cytokines, and the urine metabolome were measured pre- and post-interventions. Plasma lycopene significantly increased by 2.48-fold after tomato-soy intake. IL-5, IL-12p70, and GM-CSF significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and TNF- trended downward (P = 0.052) following tomato-soy. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites primarily distinguished post-tomato-soy urine profiles. Both interventions induced some shared metabolomic changes in the urine, indicating tomato-driven effects independent of lycopene. ConclusionTomato-soy intake reduced some pro-inflammatory cytokines and altered the urine metabolomic profile in adults with obesity, supporting future studies using this functional food product for other inflammation-related conditions.

ScopeWe explored the influence of DHA on cardiometabolic and cognitive phenotypes, and multiomic alterations in the brain under two metabolic conditions to understand context-specific nutritional effects. Methods and ResultsRats were randomly assigned to a DHA-rich or a control chow diet while drinking water or high fructose solution, followed by profiling of metabolic and cognitive phenotypes and the transcriptome and DNA methylome of the hypothalamus and hippocampus. DHA reduced serum triglyceride and improved insulin resistance and memory exclusively in the fructose-consuming rats. In hippocampus, DHA affected genes related to synapse functions in the chow group but immune functions in the fructose group; in hypothalamus, DHA altered immune pathways in the chow group but metabolic pathways in the fructose group. Network modeling revealed context-specific regulators of DHA effects, including Klf4 and Dusp1 for chow condition and Lum, Fn1, and Col1a1 for fructose condition in hippocampus, as well as Cyr61, JunB, Ier2, and Pitx2 under chow condition and Hcar1, Cdh1, and Osr1 under fructose condition in hypothalamus. ConclusionDHA exhibits differential influence on epigenetic loci, genes, pathways, and metabolic and cognitive phenotypes under different dietary contexts, supporting population stratification in DHA studies to achieve precision nutrition.

A gut microbiome-targeted diet can potentially mitigate chronic diseases like malnutrition. In a prospective 12-week intervention trial, we evaluated the effects of six different plant-based fermented pickles ([~]50g/day) on clinical, inflammatory, and gut-microbiome parameters in women (n=230) in a rural setting with a high prevalence of undernutrition. Blood was collected at two, whereas stool was collected at three timepoints. Among fecal biomarkers, myeloperoxidase (MPO), Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and 16S rRNA sequencing were measured at baseline, 8th, and 12th weeks. Overall compliance rate was >70%. WBC and neutrophils significantly decreased among radish (p=0.002, p=0.01) and carrot (p=0.005, p=0.006) groups compared to controls. In lemon-chili groups, platelets significantly decreased (p<0.001) while MCV increased (p=0.02). In onion and lemon-chili groups, the alpha ([p]=0.001 and p=0.0005, respectively) and beta diversities (p=9e-04 and p=0.0223, respectively) were significantly increased. Post-intervention linear discriminant analysis (LDA) identified 25 bacterial taxa markers at 8th and 12th week, that included Eggerthellaceae and Oscillospiraceae, Erysipelatoclostridiaceae and Subdoligranumlum, predominantly in lemon-chili group. Correlation analysis revealed six taxa negatively associated with inflammatory markers such as CRP, LCN2, and platelets. Our study provides preliminary information about consumption of culturally acceptable fermented pickles exerting beneficial changes in hematological and gut microbiome profiles of women, post-intervention.

BackgroundVitiligo is a complex skin disorder with multifactorial etiology, including genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. In Sri Lanka, data on the epidemiology and characteristics of Vitiligo patients, particularly in Ayurvedic clinical settings, remain limited. ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the biological, behavioral, environmental, and clinical characteristics of vitiligo patients receiving Ayurvedic treatment at the Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka, and to examine associations with comorbid conditions. MethodsA total of 108 patients with clinically diagnosed Vitiligo were consecutively recruited. Data on socio-demographic, behavioral, environmental, and clinical variables were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were performed to identify key patterns and associations. ResultsThe majority of patients were female (60.9%) with a mean age of 44 years, and 17.3% reported a family history of Vitiligo. Most resided in the Western Province, exhibited dietary imbalances, and reported behavioral factors such as low exercise and betel chewing. Localized vitiligo types predominated, with common lesions on upper and lower limbs. Comorbid dermatological allergies and systemic conditions were frequent, with hyperlipidemia significantly correlated with Vitiligo type (p = 0.041). Other comorbidities showed no significant association. ConclusionsThis study provides important local epidemiological data, revealing a multifactorial profile of Vitiligo patients in an Ayurvedic setting. The significant link between hyperlipidemia and Vitiligo suggests potential metabolic involvement. Integration of traditional and biomedical approaches may enhance patient management. Larger, multi-center studies are needed to validate and extend these findings. O_TEXTBOXO_LIThis study used a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, enhancing data completeness and consistency. C_LIO_LIConsecutive recruitment of participants minimized selection bias within the clinic population. C_LIO_LIData collection included a comprehensive range of biological, behavioral, environmental, and clinical variables for a holistic understanding. C_LIO_LIThe single-center, cross-sectional design limits causal inference and may affect the generalizability of findings to broader populations. C_LIO_LISelf-reported behavioral and environmental data may be subject to recall bias, which could impact accuracy. C_LI C_TEXTBOX

Skin damage results from the natural aging process, physical damage, UV light, and environmental pollutants. Centella asiatica (Cica) is a traditional medicinal herb known to have therapeutic effects on skin and wound healing. This study aims to evaluate the effects of skincare formulation Kristen Claire Supreme Rejuvenation Essence with Cica EV as the main active ingredient, on facial appearance and skin quality in healthy participants. Twenty healthy participants (4 males and 16 females; average age 36.5) were enrolled and underwent a 24-hour skin patch test on the forearm to assess potential irritation or allergic reactions. The test product was applied twice daily for 28 days. Facial skin quality assessments were conducted before use and at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of product application. Measured parameters included skin hydration, melanin content, skin elasticity, wrinkle percentage, redness area percentage, and pore percentage. After 28 days of test product treatment, significant improvements were observed in skin hydration and elasticity, wrinkle, redness, and pore distribution, while skin melanin content was reduced significantly. Kristen Claire Supreme Rejuvenation Essence effectively improved skin hydration, elasticity, and texture, and brightened the complexion, making it a promising candidate for skincare applications.

BACKGROUNDDermal atrophy (DA) or skin "thinning" can cause a substantial impact on quality of life and, due to barrier function damage, further health problems including cutaneous infection, skin tears and lacerations from minor trauma, impaired wound healing and chronic dermal inflammation. Some dietary products are targeted at therapeutic and functional treatments for skin ageing (of which mild DA is a component); however, while dietary collagen is amongst the most popular, particularly in the form of collagen peptides (CPs), in contrast to reviews for both over-the-counter and under prescription topical treatments for DA (e.g. Tretinoin), there is no reviewed literature of human trials testing the efficacy of orally administered collagen treatments applicable to DA; hence this review. OBJECTIVETo review the literature and assess available randomised-controlled trials (RCTs) testing the efficacy of orally administered collagen treatments for any skin properties that relate to the pathophysiology of DA and suggest their potential for medical and general public use in treating DA. EVIDENCE REVIEW METHODA PubMed search was conducted using "(collagen) AND (supplementation OR treatment) AND (skin OR dermis)", after which titles and abstracts were screened to decide if they matched the inclusion criteria for review. Results were collected up to 1st of August 2019 and no lower limit on the year of publication was set. MAIN RESULTSFive studies with a total of 430 participants were included for review, with participants aged 24-70. Four out of the five studies used female only participants. The five studies used orally administered CPs, with dosage ranging from 570 mg/d to 10 g/d, running from 8 weeks to 6 months and assessed a range of skin properties relevant to DA including dermal thickness, epidermal thickness, dermal density, dermal collagen content, dermal collagen density and dermal elasticity. One of the studies combined CPs with several antioxidant ingredients to form the treatment and the remaining 4 studies used CPs as the only active ingredient. Methods to control for potential confounders were implemented in most studies including limiting exposure to sun, implementing a pre-treatment period of 1 week or more that controlled the use of cosmetics and intake of certain medications, micronutrient supplements and nutraceuticals with those restrictions continuing for the duration of the study. Given the heterogeneity of outcome measures across studies, quantitative analysis of results was not possible. In summary, the study with the antioxidant combined supplement showed a significant improvement in dermal thickness; two of the studies showed improvement in dermal collagen or pro-collagen content; three of the studies showed improvement in dermal elasticity; three studies showed improvement in dermal density or dermal collagen density; and lastly, no human study was found with the stated objective of assessing CPs effect specifically on DA. CONCLUSIONAlthough definitive mechanistic cause-effect conclusions could not be drawn from the existing studies, they are supportive of beneficial effects of oral CP intake for treating characteristics of dermal atrophy. Further elucidation of the exact mode(s) of action that the CP intake has on improving dermal thickness, dermal density, and other skin biomarkers is necessary, with larger studies including more finely divided experimental and dose-response groups. In conclusion, rigorousness of the trials must be improved to establish a cause-effect relationship between the CP intake and the beneficial effects for the skin atrophy, however potential has been demonstrated.

This work explores the dietary intake of plant bioactives in the European adult population. The information available in the scientific literature is quite fragmented, with only partial knowledge of dietary bioactive intake and their health effects, and without harmonised figures across populations and phytochemical families. In this context, we comprehensively evaluated the intake of (poly)phenols, terpenoids, N-containing compounds, and miscellaneous phytochemicals in the European adult population, using public data from 26 countries reporting on 38,944 individuals. Further research was conducted to investigate the contributions of classes, subclasses, and individual compounds, as well as their relationships. Main food sources of each class and subclass of phytochemicals were also identified. Finally, variability in phytochemical intake across European countries was evaluated. This work significantly advances the current knowledge of plant bioactive intake and sets the stage for future research in nutrition and health fields.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between dietary patterns and physical activity and body phenotypes in Brazilian adolescents. MethodsCross-sectional study using data from a school-based study with 1,022 Brazilian adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. Body phenotypes (BP) and dietary patterns (DP) were defined using principal components analysis. BP was defined using anthropometric, body composition, biochemical, and sexual maturation, and DP from 19 food groups categorized from a food frequency questionnaire containing 58 food items. We performed a scatter plot to describe the relationship between energy expenditure assessed by MET and BP scores. The association between DP and BP, adjusted by sex, age and socioeconomic status, was assessed by linear regression model. ResultsWe identified five BP (BP1adiposity, BP2puberty, BP3biochemical, BP4muscular, BP5lipids_biochemical) and five DP (DP1ultraprocessed_foods, DP2fresh_foods, DP3bread_rice_beans, DP4culinary_preparation, DP5cakes_rice_beans). There are higher scores of BP_adiposity for obese adolescents, but energy expenditure was similar for obese and non-obese. Physical activity was positively associated with body mass index, BP_adiposity and BP_puberty. We observed negative association between DP_ultraprocessed and BMI, and a positive between DP_fresh_foods. DP_fresh_foods was positively associated with BP_adiposity; DP_ultraprocessed and DP_culinary_preparation were negatively associated with this BP. BP_biochemical was negatively associated with DP_fresh_foods. ConclusionWe identified negative association between DP mainly composed by ultraprocessed foods and fresh foods and BPadiposity. These associations need to be more explored, especially in adolescents, because both DP and BP were defined using multivariate analysis.

Obesity and mental health disorders are among the greatest public health challenges of the twenty-first century. Interestingly, an altered microbiome profile has been associated with both conditions. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with a specific probiotic strain (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KABP051) on body composition and gut microbiome balance, together with measures of mood state, in a population of healthy overweight subjects. Sixty healthy, moderately stressed, non-depressed and overweight or obese volunteers were supplemented for 12 weeks with probiotic (L. plantarum KABP051; 1 billion cfu/day) or placebo (microcrystalline cellulose). The KABP051 group experienced significantly greater improvements compared to placebo on body composition measurements, including a reduction in body weight and waist circumference, which decreased in 1.97{+/-}0.77 (mean{+/-}SE) kg and 2.15{+/-}0.81 (mean{+/-}SE) cm vs. placebo at the end of the intervention (both p< 0.05, MMRM and post-hoc analysis). Microbiome composition improved in KABP051 group, with significant increase in the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus spp. vs. placebo. Body fat percentage, POMS fatigue, and confusion sub-scores showed a global trend toward improvement compared to placebo, with the change at 12 weeks being significant in the three measurements in post-hoc analysis (p=0.015, p=0.014 and p=0.016, respectively). No serious adverse events were registered during the intervention period. These results suggest that a specific strain of probiotic bacteria (L. plantarum KABP051) may have both metabolic and psychobiotic effects and may be beneficial for enhancing weight loss and body composition, improving energy and mood levels while embarking on a healthy lifestyle regimen.

Both increased dietary intake of {omega}-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and subsequent increases in colonic mucosal {omega}-3 PUFA concentrations have been linked to improved gut barrier function and decreased risks of metabolic diseases and cancer. In addition, increased dietary {omega}-3 PUFA has been linked to eubiosis in mouse studies. Increased {omega}-3 PUFA function in part to reduce cyclooxygenase-(COX) mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, a biomarker of cancer risk linked to compromised gut barrier function. We analyzed data from a dietary intervention study in individuals at increased risk of colon cancer to determine whether changes in the mucosal microbiome composition were associated with changes in colonic mucosal {omega}-3/ {omega}-6 PUFA ratio. Microbiome analyses of colonic biopsies before and after the dietary intervention from 86 participants were done by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate further whether changes in Akkermansia was associated with changes in each colonic tissue variable: {omega}-3/{omega}-6 PUFA ratios, PGE2 concentrations, and expression of COX-1 and COX-2. The median dietary intake and mucosal {omega}-3/{omega}-6 PUFA ratio increased after intervention. Greater increases in mucosal {omega}-3/{omega}-6 PUFA ratios after intervention were significantly associated with several changes in taxon abundance, including increased Akkermansia muciniphilia relative abundance. An increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphilia also was associated significantly with decreased PGE2 concentrations but not with changes in COX expression. Further studies are warranted to elucidate mechanisms by which Akkermansia may affect or is affected by these pathways and the relative importance of individual dietary components.

Skin aging is a complex process driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, resulting in structural and functional changes such as reduced elasticity, hydration loss, and the appearance of wrinkles. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a topical formulation with common skincare ingredients and a Progerin inhibitor, which is designed to combat multiple signs of skin aging. A 4-week clinical trial was conducted with 21 female participants aged 30-50. The study measured key parameters of skin health, including crows feet wrinkle reduction, facial lifting improvement, skin hydration, elasticity, density, and tone brightness. Objective assessments, including dermatological evaluations and quantitative measurements, were complemented by subjective feedback from participants through efficacy and preference surveys. The results demonstrated significant improvements across all evaluated parameters. After 4 weeks of use, participants exhibited a 5.631% reduction in wrinkles, a 3.234% improvement in facial lifting, an 18.435% increase in skin hydration, an 8.563% enhancement in elasticity, a 3.424% improvement in skin tone brightness, and a 23.583% increase in skin density (p < 0.05). No adverse reactions were reported, and the product was well-tolerated. Participant surveys further confirmed high levels of satisfaction with the skin serums performance and usability. These findings indicate that the progerin inhibitor effectively improves multiple signs of skin aging, especially skin density increase, and supports its potential as a comprehensive anti-skin aging ingredient. This study contributes to advancing topical skincare formulations aimed at rejuvenating and maintaining healthy, youthful skin. Research ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of a skin serum containing a 1 % progerin inhibitor on eye wrinkles, facial lifting, skin moisturizing, skin elasticity, skin density, and skin tone brightness in women aged 30 to 55. The test was conducted by measuring the relevant test items before product use, and at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after use. After the trial was completed, effectiveness and preference surveys were conducted.

Background: According to the biodiversity hypothesis, interaction with microbially rich natural environments reduces the risk of immune-mediated diseases, such as atopy, allergies, and asthma. Urban environments have been associated with a higher prevalence of these diseases, and beneficial immunological and microbiological changes have been observed when contact with microbiologically diverse materials has been re-established in intervention studies. Methods: The current study is the first large, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial to test the effect of biodiversity intervention on atopic dermatitis. The study involved 142 atopic dermatitis patients divided into two groups: the experimental group used a topical lotion with an inactivated, diverse microbial extract as nature exposure material, and the control group used the same lotion without the microbial extract. The use of atopy medications was not restricted, but it was carefully recorded. Atopy severity was monitored using validated EASI, POEM and NRS itch scales. Skin condition was evaluated by TEWL and erythema measurements, and medicine use was recorded with questionnaires. Results: There were fewer atopy medication users and fewer atopy medication days in the experimental group compared to the control group, despite the similarity in eczema severity between the groups. Inactivated microbial extract prevented the deterioration of barrier integrity and the increase in erythema observed during the winter in the control group. There was no difference in adverse effects between the groups. Conclusion: Our results indicate that a skin lotion containing this type of nature exposure material could offer a feasible and safe way to support current treatments in atopic dermatitis.

Regular breakfast consumption plays a crucial role in the overall health and well-being of children and adolescents, making it an essential factor in maintaining healthy lifestyle habits. This study examined the association between breakfast skipping (BS) and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in US adolescents using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBS) 2018 survey. The prevalence of BS was significantly linked to age and race but not gender. After adjusting for confounding variables, a significant positive correlation was observed between BS and low physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and high TV time. No such association was found with high video-game time. The findings highlight the importance of regular breakfast consumption as a vital component of healthy lifestyles among youth. Encouraging regular breakfast habits may reduce the risk of developing unhealthy behaviors and obesity in this population

ScopeAntioxidants, including vitamin E (VE) and grape seed extract, as anti-aging supplementation have been widely used to improve human health. However, the role of gut microbiota in dietary antioxidant supplementation is debatable. This study aimed to assess the longitudinal impact of dietary supplementation with antioxidant compounds on body health and the gut microbiota. Methods and resultsOne hundred and twenty healthy individuals were randomly divided into a placebo group (amylodextrin) and three experimental groups ingesting different supplement (VE, grape seed extract, or mixed berry juice). Blood and fecal samples were collected during three intervention phases. We found that VE and mixed berry juice ameliorated blood cholesterol levels by reducing the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in healthy volunteers. After the intervention, there was an increase in the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and bile acid metabolizers. Specifically, the abundances of Lachnospira sp. and Faecalibacterium spp. increased in the VE and berry juice groups. Interestingly, the gut microbiota of poor responders harbored a greater proportion of disease-associated bacterial species. ConclusionJuice and VE could promote health by lowering LDL-C, partly and indirectly by affecting gut bacteria with the ability to produce SCFAs or metabolize bile acids.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week Pilates program on dietary acid load (PRAL), body composition, physical performance, and mental well-being in female athletes, focusing on the relationship between dietary acid load and physiological and psychological outcomes. Seventeen female athletes participated in Pilates sessions three times per week for 12 weeks. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day food diaries at baseline and post-intervention to calculate PRAL values. Hydration was monitored through urine pH and specific gravity. Anthropometric measures included BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, fat mass, lean mass, and grip strength. Mental well-being was assessed with the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, and physical activity perception was evaluated using the Cognitive Behavioral Physical Activity Questionnaire. Measurements were taken before and after the intervention. After the program, significant improvements were observed in grip strength, mental well-being, and physical activity perception. Small increases in BMI, body fat percentage, and waist circumference were noted. A significant correlation was found between PRAL values and both physical and psychological variables. Pilates positively affects mental well-being, physical activity engagement, and interacts with diet-related acid-base balance and body composition. Pilates may improve both physical and mental health in active female populations.

The gut microbiome may be both helpful and harmful, and not only is it affected by diet, it has also been shown to affect mental health including personality, mood, anxiety and depression. In this clinical study we assessed dietary nutrient composition, mood, happiness, and the gut microbiome in order to understand the role of diet in the gut microbiome and how that affects mood and happiness. For this pilot study, we enrolled 20 adults to follow this protocol: recording a 2-day food log, sampling their gut microbiome, and completing five validated surveys of mental health, mood, happiness and well-being, followed by a minimum 1 week diet change and repeating the food log, microbiome sampling and the 5 surveys. The change from a predominantly Western diet to vegetarian, Mediterranean and ketogenic diets led to changes in calorie and fiber intake. After the diet change, we observed significant changes in measures of anxiety, well-being and happiness, and without changes in gut microbiome diversity. We found strong correlations between greater consumption of fat and protein to lower anxiety and depression, while consuming higher percentages of carbohydrates was associated with increased stress, anxiety, and depression. We also found strong negative correlations between total calories and total fiber intake with gut microbiome diversity without correlations to measures of mental health, mood or happiness. We have shown that changing diet affects mood and happiness, that greater fat and carbohydrate intake is directly associated with anxiety and depression and inversely correlated with gut microbiome diversity. This study is an important step towards understanding how our diet affects the gut microbiome and in turn our mood, happiness and mental health.

Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a promising strategy to prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes, but its effects on lipid metabolism remain controversial. The aim of the present research is to assess and compare the impact of isocaloric early (eTRE) vs. late (lTRE) TRE on the plasma lipidomic profile. This randomized crossover study examines 31 women with overweight or obesity who follow a two-week eTRE and a two-week lTRE in an intended isocaloric setting. Blood plasma and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies are analyzed using shotgun lipidomics and transcriptomics, respectively. Between interventions and within the lTRE, lipid species and classes, as well as enzyme activity indices, are not substantially changed. Within the eTRE, changes are observed for 103 lipid species, including a reduction of ceramide and phosphatidylcholine classes, and for the desaturation indices D5D, D6D, and D9D, as well as elongation index ELOVL6. Combined analysis of plasma lipidome and adipose tissue reveals alterations in the glycerophospholipid pathway and in the expression of phospholipase enzymes PLB1, PLA2G6, and PLAG4B, dependent on TRE timing. These results suggest that eating timing during TRE might be crucial for remodeling the plasma lipidome and adipose tissue transcriptome and highlight the need of future lipidomic research in TRE.